Beyond the immediate act of disobedience, what theological concept is most profoundly challenged by the construction of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11?

A The concept of human equality before God, as the tower aimed to create a unified, homogenous society. B God's covenant with Noah, as the tower represented humanity's attempt to avoid future divine judgment through their own ingenuity. C The patriarchal structure of early societies, as women likely played a significant role in the tower's construction and design. D God's command to fill the earth and subdue it (Genesis 1:28), as the tower represented humanity's desire to remain in one place and establish a single, unified kingdom.